Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Among the most renowned Persian literary figures are 10th-century court poet, musician, and singer Rdak, who composed versified renditions of local lore; mathematician, astronomer, and skeptic Omar Khayyam, to whom is attributed a collection of quatrains advocating a hedonistic approach to an otherwise meaningless life; and Rm, a 13th-century mystic of the Sufi branch of Islam, whose compilation of couplets in Masnav-yi Manav (Spiritual Couplets) has influenced religious thought and literature throughout the Muslim world. The Sintashta culture, also known as the SintashtaPetrovka culture[45] or SintashtaArkaim culture,[46] is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the northern Eurasian steppe on the borders of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, dated to the period 21001800 BC. These peoples were among the oldest Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups and one of the most archaic, because Anatolians were among the first Indo-European peoples to separate from the Proto-Indo-European community that gave origin to the . [108] They have had a significant role in the development of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and also played a role in the development of Iranian nationalism during the late Qajar years and Pahlavi dynasty. Another prominent feature found among Persian peoples is almond shaped eyes. [35][36] The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, also called "Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex," into the Levant, founding the Mittani kingdom; and a migration south-eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India. When Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes migrated to the region of modern-day Iran, it came to be known as Ariana or Iran . These Sarmatians were also known to the Romans, who conquered the western tribes in the Balkans and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as Roman Britain. There are an estimated 150 to 200 million native speakers of Iranian languages, the six major groups of Persians, Lurs, Kurds, Tajiks, Baloch, and Pashtuns accounting for about 90% of this number. They primarily live in Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro as well as in North Macedonia, Slovenia, Germany and Austria. Poetry continues to be a prominent form of literary expression among Persians of the 21st century, though modern literary forms, as represented by Marjane Satrapis graphic novels, have also been embraced. Until the Parthian era, Iranian identity had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value. A Greek folk etymology connected the name to Perseus, a legendary character in Greek mythology. The homeland varied in its geographic range, the area around Herat (Pliny's view) and even the entire expanse of the Iranian Plateau (Strabo's designation). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the Taiga. [20] Herodotus, in his Histories, remarks about the Iranian Medes that "Medes were called anciently by all people Arians" (7.62). Iranians have been taken advantage of over the years by many people and have become very mistrusting of others at times. THE IRANIAN: Features, on the characteristics of Iranians, Dairy products, especially yogurt, also are characteristic of Persian cuisine. A connection between Proto-Slavonic and Iranian languages is also furthermore proven by the earliest layer of loanwords in the former. One of the significant characteristics of the ancient and modern Persian people was their noses. Persian Empire - History Ancient Iranian goddess Anahita depicted on a Sasanian silver vessel. Persian villages often pride themselves on the unique designs and high quality of their carpets, most of which display the typical geometric figures and floral designs prevalent in Muslim visual art. With numerous artistic, scientific, architectural, and philosophical achievements and numerous kingdoms and empires that bridged much of the civilized world in antiquity, the Iranian peoples were often in close contact with people from various western and eastern parts of the world. But note that these are stereotypes only. Some have large deep black eyes, whereas others will have eyes of a deep blue, grey, or green color. The Kurds are . [104], Nowadays, most Iranian people follow Islam (Sunnism, followed by Shi'ism), with minorities following Christianity, Judaism, Mandaeism, Iranian religions and various levels of irreligion. This article was most recently revised and updated by. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Big eyes in Iran are both a beauty standard; most people have big eyes and long eyelashes, which, when combined with tan skin and black arched eyebrows, creates a stunning appearance for their eyes. The modern Sarikoli in southern Xinjiang and the Ossetians of the Caucasus (mainly South Ossetia and North Ossetia) are remnants of the various Scythian-derived tribes from the vast far and wide territory they once dwelled in. [127], Iranian music, as a whole, utilizes a variety of musical instruments that are unique to the region, and has remarkably evolved since the ancient and medieval times. Iranian influence spread to the neighbouring Ottoman Empire, where Persian was often spoken at court (though a heavy Turko-Persian basis there was set already by the predecessors of the Ottomans in Anatolia, namely the Seljuks and the Sultanate of Rum amongst others) as well to the court of the Mughal Empire. The Persian garden, the earliest examples of which were found throughout the Achaemenid Empire, has an integral position in Persian architecture. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic authors have also used Persian literature in the environment of Persianate cultures. [39][40][41][42][43], The ancient Persians played a major role in the downfall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. More than a century later, a prince of Macedon (which itself was a subject to Persia from the late 6th century BC up to the First Persian invasion of Greece) later known by the name of Alexander the Great, overthrew the incumbent Persian king, by which the Achaemenid Empire was ended. [56] Additional sites are scattered as far south as the Koppet Dag (Turkmenistan), the Pamir (Tajikistan) and the Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan). In 21st-century Iran there remain a small number of Zoroastrians; larger numbers of Zoroastrians now live in South Asia. Harvard University Press, 1978. [106][107] Moreover, various Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of the Iranian Plateau are often conversant also in an Iranian language and embrace Iranian culture to the extent that the term Turko-Iranian would be applied. The Persian is an extreme-looking breed. Iran also controls about a dozen islands in the Persian Gulf. Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.)
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